Sangha Lab 

Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine

Stark Neuroscience Research Institute

Link to PubMed Sangha Lab articles

*corresponding author


Sangha S*, Fitzgerald JM (2024). Translational Approaches to the Neurobiological Study of Conditional Discrimination and Inhibition: Implications for Psychiatric Disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, in press.


Krueger JN, Patel NN, Shim K, Ng K, Sangha S* (2024). Conditioned inhibition of fear and reward in male and female rats. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, 208: 107881.


Ng K, Pollock M, Escobedo A, Bachman B, Miyazaki N, Bartlett EL, Sangha S* (2024). Suppressing fear in the presence of a safety cue requires infralimbic cortical signaling to central amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology, 49: 359-367.


Fitzgerald J*, Webb EK, Sangha S (2023). Psychological and Physiological Correlates of Stimulus Discrimination in Adults. Psychophysiology, e14327.


Ng K, Sangha S* (2023). Encoding of conditioned inhibitors of fear in the infralimbic cortex. Cerebral Cortex 33: 5658-5670

Hackleman A, Ibrahim M, Shim K, Sangha S* (2023). Interaction of stress and alcohol on discriminating fear from safety and reward in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology 240: 609-621


Sangha S* (2021). Elevated dopamine in the amygdala disrupts infant's approach to mother: Implications for development of neurotypical social behaviors and networks. Neuron 109: 3900-3902


Meyer HC*, Sangha S, Radley JJ, LaLumiere RT, Baratta MV (2021). Environmental certainty influences the neural systems regulating responses to threat and stress. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 131: 1037-1055


Müller I*, Adams DD, Sangha S, Chester JA (2021). Juvenile stress facilitates safety learning in male and female high alcohol preferring mice. Behavioural Brain Research 400: 113006


Krueger JN*, Sangha S* (2021). On the basis of sex: Differences in safety discrimination vs conditioned inhibition. Behavioural Brain Research 400: 113024


Woon E, Seibert T, Urbanczyk P, Ng KH, Sangha S* (2020). Differential effects of prior stress on conditioned inhibition of fear and fear extinction. Behavioural Brain Research 381: 112414


Sangha S*, Diehl MM, Bergstrom HC, Drew MR (2020). Know Safety, No Fear. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108: 218-230.


Greiner EM, Müller I, Norris MR, Ng KH, Sangha S* (2019). Sex differences in fear regulation and reward seeking behaviors in a fear-safety-reward discrimination task. Behavioral Brain Research 369: 111903


Müller I*, Brinkman AL, Sowinski EM, Sangha S* (2018). Adolescent conditioning affects rate of adult fear, safety and reward learning during discriminative conditioning. Scientific Reports 8: 17315


Sangha S* and Foti D (2018). Neurobiology of Abnormal Emotion and Motivated Behaviors: Integrating Animal and Human Research. 1st edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press.


Ng K, Pollock MW, Urbanczyk PU, Sangha S* (2018). Altering D1 receptor activity in the basolateral amygdala impairs fear suppression during a safety cue. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 147: 26-34.


Sangha S* (2015). Plasticity of fear and safety neurons of the amygdala in response to fear extinction. Front Behav Neurosci, 9: 354.


Sangha S*, Greba Q, Robinson PD, Ballendine SA, Howland JG* (2014). Heightened fear in response to a safety cue and extinguished fear cue in a rat model of maternal immune activation. Front Behav Neurosci, 8: 168. 

Sangha S*, Robinson PD, Davies DA, Greba Q, Howland JG* (2014). Alterations in reward, fear and safety cue discrimination after inactivation of the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. Neuropsychopharm, 39:2405-2413

Sangha S*, Chadick JZ, Janak PH* (2013). Safety encoding in the basal amygdala. J Neurosci, 33: 3744-3751‘Featured Article: Systems/Circuits’​

Christianson JP, Fernando ABP, Kazama AM, Jovanovic T, Ostroff LE, Sangha S (2012). Inhibition of fear by learned safety signals: minisymposium review. J Neurosci, 32(41): 14118-14124.


Sangha S*, Ilenseer J, Sosulina L, Lesting J, Pape H-C (2012). Differential regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase gene expression after extinction of a recent memory versus intermediate memory. Learn Mem, 19:194-200

Lesting J, Narayanan RT, Seidenbecher T, Kluge C, Sangha S, Pape H-C (2011). Patterns of coupled theta activity in amygdala-hippocampal-prefrontal cortical circuits during fear extinction. PLoS One, 6: e21714.

Sangha S, Narayanan RT, Bergado-Acosta JR, Stork O, Seidenbecher T, Pape H-C (2009). Deficiency of the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase impairs extinction of cued but not contextual fear memory. J Neurosci, 29: 15713-15720.

Jüngling K, Seidenbecher T, Sosulina L, Lesting J, Sangha S, Clark SD, Okamura N, Duangdao DM, Xu Y-L, Reinscheid RK, Pape H-C (2008). Neuropeptide S: reduced expression and facilitated extinction of fear through control of intercalated GABAergic neurons in the amygdala. Neuron, 59: 298-310

Bergado-Acosta JR, Sangha S, Narayanan RT, Obata K, Pape H-C, Stork O (2008). Critical role of the 65kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase in consolidation and generalization of Pavlovian fear memory. Learn Mem, 15:163-171.

Narayanan RT, Seidenbecher T, Sangha S, Stork O, Pape H-C (2007). Theta re-synchronization during reconsolidation of remote contextual fear memory. Neuroreport, 18(11):1107-11.


Lukowiak K, Martens K, Orr M, Parvez K, Rosenegger D, Sangha S (2006). Modulation of aerial respiratory behaviour in a pond snail. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 154(1-2): 61-72.

Rose JK, Sangha S, Rai S, Norman KR, Rankin CH (2005). Decreased sensory stimulation reduces behavioral responding, retards development and alters neuronal connectivity in Caenorhabditis elegansJ Neurosci, 25(31): 7159-7168

Sangha S, Scheibenstock A, Martens K, Varshney N, Cooke R, Lukowiak K (2005). Impairing forgetting by preventing new learning and memory. Behav Neurosci, 119(3): 787-796.

Parvez K, Stewart O, Sangha S, Lukowiak K (2005). Boosting intermediate-term into long-term memory. J Exp Biol, 208: 1525-1536.


Sangha S, Varshney N, Fras M, Smyth K, Rosenegger D, Parvez K, Sadamoto H, Lukowiak K (2004).  Memory, reconsolidation and extinction in Lymnaea require the soma of RPeD1. Adv Exp Med Biol, 551:311-8.

Lukowiak K, Sangha S, Scheibenstock A, Parvez K, McComb C, Rosenegger D, Varshney N, Sadamoto H (2003). Molluskan model systems: In search for the engram. J Physiol Paris, 97:69-76.


Lukowiak K, Sangha S, McComb C, Varshney N, Rosenegger D, Sadamoto H, Scheibenstock A (2003).  Associative learning and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis:​ how well do they remember.  J Exp Biol 206, 2097-2103. ​

Sangha S, Scheibenstock A, Morrow R, Lukowiak K (2003). Extinction requires new RNA and protein synthesis and the soma of the cell RPeD1 in Lymnaea stagnalisJ Neurosci, 23(30): 9842-9851.

Sangha S, Scheibenstock A, Lukowiak K (2003). Reconsolidation of a long-term memory in Lymnaea requires new protein and RNA synthesis and the soma of RPeD1.  J Neurosci, 23(22): 8034-8040.

Sangha S, Morrow R, Smyth K, Cooke R, Lukowiak K (2003). Cooling blocks ITM and LTM formation and preserves memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 80, 130-139.

Sangha S, McComb C, Lukowiak K (2003).  Forgetting and the extension of memory in Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 206, 71-77

Sangha S, Scheibenstock A, McComb C, Lukowiak K (2003).  Intermediate and long-term memories of associative learning are differentially affected by transcription vs. translation blockers in Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 206(10), 1605-1613.

Lukowiak K, Haque Z, Spencer G, Varshay N, Sangha S, Syed N (2003). Long-term memory survives nerve injury and the subsequent regeneration process. Learn Mem 10(1), 44-54.

McComb C, Sangha S, Quadry S, Yue J, Scheibenstock A, Lukowiak K (2002). Context extinction and concurrent context associative learning in Lymnaea. Neurobiol Learn Mem 78, 23-34

Sangha S, McComb C, Scheibenstock A, Johannes C, Lukowiak K (2002).  The effects of continuous vs. partial reinforcement schedules on associative learning, memory and extinction in Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 205(8), 1171-1178

Smyth K, Sangha S, Lukowiak K (2002).  Gone but not forgotten: The lingering effects of intermediate term memory on the persistence of LTM. J Exp Biol 205(1), 131-140.